Complete Guide to French Verb Conjugation

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Understanding French Verb Conjugation

French verb conjugation is the system of changing a verb's form to indicate the person (je, tu, il/elle, nous, vous, ils/elles), tense (present, past, future), and mood (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative). Mastering French conjugation is essential for speaking and writing French correctly.

French verbs change more extensively than English verbs, with distinct forms for each person and numerous tenses. While this may seem daunting, French verbs follow logical patterns that, once learned, make conjugation predictable for regular verbs.

Why Verb Conjugation Matters

  • Clarity of communication: Wrong verb forms can completely change your meaning
  • Professional credibility: Proper conjugation demonstrates language mastery
  • Exam success: Critical for DELF, AP French, and other French exams
  • Natural fluency: Native speakers conjugate automatically - you need to as well

The Three Verb Groups

French verbs are divided into three groups based on their infinitive endings:

The first two groups are regular and follow predictable patterns. The third group contains irregular verbs that often don't follow standard patterns and must be learned individually.

Present Tense (Présent)

The present tense in French is used for:

First Group Regular -ER Verbs: Parler (to speak)

Person Conjugation English
jeparleI speak
tuparlesyou speak (informal)
il/elle/onparlehe/she/one speaks
nousparlonswe speak
vousparlezyou speak (formal/plural)
ils/ellesparlentthey speak

Second Group Regular -IR Verbs: Finir (to finish)

Person Conjugation English
jefinisI finish
tufinisyou finish
il/elle/onfinithe/she/one finishes
nousfinissonswe finish
vousfinissezyou finish
ils/ellesfinissentthey finish

Practice with WriteIn French

Use WriteIn French to practice using present tense verbs in context. Our AI identifies incorrect conjugations and helps you learn the patterns naturally through writing practice.

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Common Irregular Present Tense Verbs

Être (to be)

je suis, tu es, il/elle est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils/elles sont

Avoir (to have)

j'ai, tu as, il/elle a, nous avons, vous avez, ils/elles ont

Aller (to go)

je vais, tu vas, il/elle va, nous allons, vous allez, ils/elles vont

Faire (to do/make)

je fais, tu fais, il/elle fait, nous faisons, vous faites, ils/elles font

Pouvoir (can/to be able)

je peux, tu peux, il/elle peut, nous pouvons, vous pouvez, ils/elles peuvent

Vouloir (to want)

je veux, tu veux, il/elle veut, nous voulons, vous voulez, ils/elles veulent

Past Tenses: Passé Composé vs Imparfait

French has two main past tenses used in everyday speech, and choosing between them is one of the most challenging aspects for English speakers.

Passé Composé - Completed Actions

The passé composé is used for:

Formation: auxiliary verb (avoir or être) + past participle

Passé Composé with Avoir: Parler

Person Conjugation English
j'ai parléI spoke/have spoken
tuas parléyou spoke/have spoken
il/ellea parléhe/she spoke/has spoken
nousavons parléwe spoke/have spoken
vousavez parléyou spoke/have spoken
ils/ellesont parléthey spoke/have spoken

Dr & Mrs Vandertramp - Verbs Using Être

These verbs use être instead of avoir in passé composé:

  • Devenir, Revenir
  • Mourir, Rentrer, Sortir
  • Venir, Aller, Naître, Descendre, Entrer, Retourner
  • Tomber, Rester, Arriver, Monter, Partir

With être, the past participle agrees with the subject: "Elle est allée" (she went)

Imparfait - Ongoing/Habitual Past Actions

The imparfait is used for:

Imparfait: Parler

Person Conjugation English
jeparlaisI was speaking/used to speak
tuparlaisyou were speaking/used to speak
il/elleparlaithe/she was speaking/used to speak
nousparlionswe were speaking/used to speak
vousparliezyou were speaking/used to speak
ils/ellesparlaientthey were speaking/used to speak

Passé Composé vs Imparfait: The Key Difference

Passé Composé: "Hier, j'ai mangé une pizza" (Yesterday I ate a pizza - completed action)

Imparfait: "Quand j'étais petit, je mangeais des pizzas tous les vendredis" (When I was little, I used to eat pizzas every Friday - habitual)

Together: "Je mangeais une pizza quand le téléphone a sonné" (I was eating pizza when the phone rang - imparfait for background, passé composé for interruption)

Common Irregular Past Participles

Future and Conditional Tenses

Simple Future (Futur Simple)

The future tense in French is used to express actions that will happen. For regular verbs, add endings to the infinitive.

Future: Parler, Finir

Person Endings Example
je-aiparlerai, finirai
tu-asparleras, finiras
il/elle-aparlera, finira
nous-onsparlerons, finirons
vous-ezparlerez, finirez
ils/elles-ontparleront, finiront

Uses:

Conditional (Conditionnel)

The conditional expresses what would happen. Formed like future, but with imparfait endings.

Conditional: Parler

Person Conjugation English
jeparleraisI would speak
tuparleraisyou would speak
il/elleparleraithe/she would speak
nousparlerionswe would speak
vousparleriezyou would speak
ils/ellesparleraientthey would speak

Uses:

Irregular Future/Conditional Stems

Some verbs have irregular stems (same for both future and conditional):

  • être → ser- (serai, serais)
  • avoir → aur- (aurai, aurais)
  • aller → ir- (irai, irais)
  • faire → fer- (ferai, ferais)
  • pouvoir → pourr- (pourrai, pourrais)
  • vouloir → voudr- (voudrai, voudrais)
  • venir → viendr- (viendrai, viendrais)

The Subjunctive Mood (Subjonctif)

The subjunctive is one of the most challenging aspects of French for English speakers. It expresses doubt, desire, uncertainty, emotion, or subjective opinions rather than facts.

When to Use the Subjunctive

1. After expressions of necessity or obligation

2. After expressions of doubt or uncertainty

3. After expressions of emotion

4. After expressions of desire or preference

5. After certain conjunctions

Present Subjunctive Formation

For regular verbs: Use the ils/elles form of present tense, drop -ent, add subjunctive endings

Subjunctive: Parler (ils parlent → parl-)

Person Conjugation
que jeparle
que tuparles
qu'il/elleparle
que nousparlions
que vousparliez
qu'ils/ellesparlent

Irregular Present Subjunctive Verbs

Être (to be)

que je sois, que tu sois, qu'il soit, que nous soyons, que vous soyez, qu'ils soient

Avoir (to have)

que j'aie, que tu aies, qu'il ait, que nous ayons, que vous ayez, qu'ils aient

Aller (to go)

que j'aille, que tu ailles, qu'il aille, que nous allions, que vous alliez, qu'ils aillent

Faire (to do/make)

que je fasse, que tu fasses, qu'il fasse, que nous fassions, que vous fassiez, qu'ils fassent

Pouvoir (can)

que je puisse, que tu puisses, qu'il puisse, que nous puissions, que vous puissiez, qu'ils puissent

Savoir (to know)

que je sache, que tu saches, qu'il sache, que nous sachions, que vous sachiez, qu'ils sachent

Master Subjunctive with WriteIn French

The subjunctive is difficult to master, but essential for advanced French. WriteIn French helps you practice using subjunctive correctly in your writing, with instant feedback when you use indicative instead of subjunctive (or vice versa).

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Common French Verb Conjugation Mistakes

1. Confusing Passé Composé and Imparfait

Wrong: "Hier, je mangeais une pizza" (if you mean a completed action) ❌

Right: "Hier, j'ai mangé une pizza" ✓

Wrong: "Quand j'étais petit, j'ai mangé des bonbons tous les jours" ❌

Right: "Quand j'étais petit, je mangeais des bonbons tous les jours" ✓

2. Forgetting Être Verbs in Passé Composé

Wrong: "Je suis allé avec avoir" (J'ai allé) ❌

Right: "Je suis allé" ✓ (aller uses être)

Wrong: "Elle a arrivée" ❌

Right: "Elle est arrivée" ✓ (with agreement)

3. Past Participle Agreement Errors

Wrong: "Elle est allé" ❌

Right: "Elle est allée" ✓ (feminine agreement)

Wrong: "Les filles sont parti" ❌

Right: "Les filles sont parties" ✓ (feminine plural)

4. Subjunctive Errors

Wrong: "Il faut que je pars" ❌

Right: "Il faut que je parte" ✓

Wrong: "Je veux que tu viens" ❌

Right: "Je veux que tu viennes" ✓

5. Mixing Up Irregular Verb Forms

Wrong: "Je faisais" in passé composé ❌

Right: "J'ai fait" ✓ (past participle is fait, not faisé)

Wrong: "Je voirai" ❌

Right: "Je verrai" ✓ (irregular future stem)

Catch Conjugation Errors Before They Become Habits

WriteIn French identifies verb conjugation errors in your writing and explains the correct forms. Practice writing in French and get instant feedback on verb tenses, agreement, and subjunctive usage.

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French Verb Conjugation: Frequently Asked Questions

What are the main French verb tenses?

The main French verb tenses are: Present (présent), Passé Composé, Imparfait, Simple Past (passé simple - literary), Future (futur), Conditional (conditionnel), and Subjunctive (subjonctif). For everyday use, master present, passé composé, imparfait, future, and conditional first.

What is the difference between passé composé and imparfait?

Passé composé is used for completed actions in the past with a definite beginning and end ("J'ai mangé" - I ate). Imparfait describes ongoing, habitual, or background actions in the past ("Je mangeais" - I was eating/used to eat). Imparfait sets the scene; passé composé advances the story.

How many verb conjugations are there in French?

Each French verb can have 50+ different conjugated forms when you count all persons, tenses, and moods. However, regular verbs follow patterns, so you don't need to memorize each form individually. Focus on learning patterns for regular verbs and memorizing the most common irregular verbs.

What's the hardest part of French verb conjugation?

For most English speakers, the subjunctive mood is the most challenging because English rarely uses it. Distinguishing between passé composé and imparfait is also difficult. Regular practice in context helps these concepts become natural.

Do I need to memorize all verb conjugations?

No! Learn the patterns for regular verbs in each group, then memorize the 20-30 most common irregular verbs (être, avoir, aller, faire, pouvoir, vouloir, etc.). With practice, conjugation becomes automatic. Focus on using verbs in context rather than memorizing charts.

Which verbs use être in passé composé?

Memorize Dr & Mrs Vandertramp: Devenir, Revenir, Monter, Rester, Sortir, Venir, Aller, Naître, Descendre, Entrer, Rentrer, Tomber, Retourner, Arriver, Mourir, Partir. All reflexive verbs (se laver, se lever, etc.) also use être. With être, the past participle agrees with the subject.

When do I use the subjunctive?

Use subjunctive after: 1) Expressions of necessity (il faut que), 2) Doubt/uncertainty (je doute que), 3) Emotions (je suis content que), 4) Wishes (je veux que), 5) Certain conjunctions (bien que, pour que, avant que). If it's a fact, use indicative; if it's subjective, use subjunctive.

How long does it take to master French verb conjugation?

Basic conjugation patterns can be learned in 3-6 months with consistent practice. Full mastery, including subjunctive and all compound tenses, typically takes 1-2 years of regular study. The key is using verbs in context through writing and speaking, not just memorizing charts.

What's the difference between "j'ai mangé" and "je mangeais"?

"J'ai mangé" (passé composé) means "I ate" or "I have eaten" - a completed action. "Je mangeais" (imparfait) means "I was eating" or "I used to eat" - an ongoing or habitual action. Context determines which to use: "J'ai mangé à midi" (I ate at noon - completed) vs "Je mangeais quand..." (I was eating when... - ongoing).

Are there any shortcuts to learning conjugations?

Yes! Focus on: 1) The most common 50 verbs first, 2) Learning patterns rather than individual verbs, 3) Using mnemonic devices like "Dr & Mrs Vandertramp," 4) Practice with authentic materials (songs, movies, books), 5) Write in French regularly with feedback to reinforce correct patterns.

Master French Verb Conjugation Through Practice

The best way to learn conjugation is through consistent writing practice with immediate feedback.

What You Get with WriteIn French:

  • ✓ French writing practice to use verbs in context
  • ✓ Instant AI feedback on verb conjugation errors
  • ✓ Grammar checking for tense agreement and subjunctive
  • ✓ Learn correct conjugations through writing practice
  • ✓ Identify recurring verb mistakes to focus your study
  • ✓ Build confidence using French verbs correctly
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